Five Trends in Pharmacy that You Should Watch

Tele-pharmacy

For they un-initiated, tele pharmacy is a relatively new concept. With pharmacies being unable to sustain a practice in areas without sufficient population density, many rural communities are left without access to a pharmacy. Tele-pharmacy is a potential way to bring a pharmacy back to an under-served population by decreasing the cost of running a pharmacy.

The math, however, appears to be suspect. Running any pharmacy includes significant overhead: technician salaries, rent, drug product, and pharmacy specific computer systems. Tele-pharmacy adds additional costs in the form of software and network requirements, while reducing only one expense: the pharmacists salary. Implementing a tele-pharmacy would only be able to lower the cost of running a pharmacy by some fraction of a full time pharmacist’s salary. Keep in mind a pharmacist still needs to be accessible to check prescriptions and counsel patients. The concept of tele-pharmacy simply allows one pharmacist to manage more than one site.

The physical lack of a pharmacist at a pharmacy is a scary proposition, both personally and professionally. The number of hours our pharmacists spend face-to-face with patients each day is significant. This type of accessibility is what enables our pharmacists to optimize each of our patients care. Tele-pharmacy limits that access significantly. If tele-pharmacy is limited to locations not served by a traditional pharmacy, I understand the compromise. But this technology is being pushed as a method to combat the ever decreasing reimbursement pharmacies are seeing. Give the questionable savings this technology provides, tele-pharmacy is troubling.

New Practice Model

In states like Iowa, the Board of Pharmacy is piloting the use of technicians checking the work of other technicians. This is strictly limited to refills; pharmacists still must perform final verification on new prescriptions and counsel the patient. The goal of the program is to free the pharmacist from the final verification process so they can focus on patient care. This model makes a lot of sense, and when used in this way actually can increase overall accuracy and significantly enhance patient care in the pharmacy.

The concept, however, is could be significantly abused if decreasing business expenses in the form of salary savings were allowed to supplant the current goal of freeing the pharmacist to perform patient care. Like tele-pharmacy, this technology could ultimately be used to significantly decrease patient access to pharmacists. The development of this trend deserves continued scruitny.

Mail Order Pharmacy

Mail order pharmacies leverage automation to create an extremely efficient work-flow. They are highly tuned dispensing centers, and the pharmacists working here perform final verification on mind-boggling numbers of prescriptions each day. Patient communication is limited to patient initiated phone calls to a pharmacist-staffed call center.

Mail order prescriptions has a place in the pharmacy world. It offers a limited service with certain advantages appealing to some patients. On the other hand, mail order pharmacy cannot provide acute care. This creates a significant fragmentation of care, as the local pharmacist has little knowledge of the patient and their conditions when presented with a new medication.

Mail order pharmacy presents a unique set of challenges for pharmacists out in the community. The increased risk for significant drug mis-adventures mail-order creates is scary.

Prescription ATMs

For lack of a better description, technology has been able to create a robotic pharmacy in a box. These units are being sold to physician offices and clinics. The machine contains a limited formulary of medications and is designed to provide the patient with their initial supply of both acute or maintenance medications.

The potential for problems is significant with this type of technology. While medical professionals are certainly in proximity of the units, there is no pharmacist involved to screen for drug therapy problems the prescriber may have missed. Counseling is limited to whatever the prescriber managed to fit into their encounter.

While the restricted formulary and the limitation to the first fill limit the damage such technology might cause, certainly there are going to be cases where a pharmacist’s knowledge would be beneficial. Unsupervised dispensing is both frightening and potentially dangerous.

Central Fill

Central fill is becoming increasingly popular with smaller chain pharmacies. It leverages the efficiencies of a mail-order pharmacy with a local pharmacist as long as the patient does not need the medication until the next day. A central fill pharmacy typically will heavily leverage automation, requiring few technicians and pharmacists. Central fill could also be leveraged with a medication synchronization program to further enhance efficiencies.

Besides the advantage of efficiency, central fill has the potential to free the local pharmacist to spend more time working with patients at the time they pick up their order. In fact, using a model like this could ultimately create an almost office-like pharmacy practice. If a high percent of patients were synchronized and picking up all of their medications at the same time, the pharmacist could sit down with every patient  to perform continuous medication monitoring.

While the potential for central fill to advance the profession of pharmacy exists and is exciting, it also has a dark side. Central fill could also be used to create a mail-order like workflow, removing access of the patient to the pharmacist. Pharmacists need to be aware of this potential and address it before occurs.

Diminishing the Value of the Pharmacist

While some of the trends above are already embedded in our healthcare system, others are just appearing. Every one of these, however shares a common trait: they either do not value, or have the potential to diminish the value, of pharmacists.

If this is the value the public puts in the profession of pharmacy, maybe I am in the wrong profession. Fortunately, I hear the exact opposite repeated time after time, day after day. When given the option of access to a pharmacist, most patients jump at the opportunity. Why, then, does the public and our elected officials regularly look to take the pharmacist out of pharmacy?

Without pharmacists, medications become terrifying. Without a pharmacist, you just have medication. The pharmacist is the care component of medications. Don’t let anyone take the pharmacist out of your pharmacy.

 

Flexing

Pharmacists are acutely aware of the power the PBMs wield over their practice. With the recent House Judiciary Hearings on PBMs and other reports of PBM abuse starting to grab the public’s attention, now is a great time to teach the world about the a relatively new PBM power tool: Flexing.

Flexing, as defined by one of the big three PBMs in their contracts as:

the ability to change reimbursement rates a pharmacy receives to meet their (the PBM’s) client guarantees.

Allow me paraphrase: If a PBM guarantees that it is going to save a client $X or Y% in a period and they failed to do so, they will take the difference from the pharmacy, and the pharmacy can do nothing about it.

Origin

Where did this language originate? Like many tactics developed by the PBM industry, this language was introduced into contracts several years ago. While the language was likely questioned at the time, the PBM undoubtedly responded that the language was not being implemented and did not effect rates.

One might ask how a contract with such language was signed. Unfortunately, the network pharmacies (including chains, PSAO groups and independents) have very limited ability negotiate with a pharmacy benefit manager. The PBM considers the “flexing” language to be non-negotiable. This means take it, or leave it.

Once the contract is signed, the language might stay dormant for months or even years. Much like the dreaded Shingles, it can erupt and decimate pharmacy reimbursements at any time. Unfortunately, there is not vaccine for this disease.

To me, what is most irksome is that if a PBM makes a promise to a client and it cannot keep, it doesn’t shoulder the responsibility. Instead of taking a loss on the poorly executed agreement, they use their monopsony-like power in the marketplace to enter language into contracts and pass their failures on to the providers.

Care is Between a Rock and a Hard Place

A pharmacy will probably not immediately recognize that they are being reimbursed at a lower than contracted rate. When they finally do, they might go back to their contact or their contracting organization and request clarification. Typically, it is well after the change takes place that the change is discovered. The PBM is not required to announce when they start implementing the change in the contract. Many pharmacy owners that are less hands-on will only find out when their contracting organization communicates to pharmacies what has occurred. This can be months after the effective change date. At this point, damage is already done.

PBM reform is desperately needed. Many states have taken steps to put constraints on this otherwise unregulated industry. Unfortunately, it appears that it will take a concerted federal effort to reign in the power the big three PBMs now possess. And that is made even more difficult because the PBM industry, with billions upon billions in profits, has deep pockets and a very strong lobby.

I always like to come back to patient care. None of the tactics and techniques use by the PBM middlemen emphasize patient care. They are  motivated entirely by drug cost. This hurts pharmacy, as reimbursement for drug is currently the only significant revenue pharmacies have. Without revenue, pharmacies evaporate. And by evaporate, I mean close. And a closed pharmacy cannot provide drug product. More importantly, it cannot provide patient care.

Keep in mind that  the very use of a middleman in the healthcare model adds costs. Every dollar of savings touted by a middleman comes as a result of a larger reduction in the payment to the provider. In other words, every dollar in savings comes at the cost of patient care. The middlemen are making billions of dollars in revenue without selling any product or providing any care to patients. The providers (pharmacies) that remain receive so little for a prescription that selling a single box chiclets could actually net them more profit.

Now more than ever, pharmacists need to “flex” their own muscles. They need to enter into a intensive grass-roots campaign. Congress needs to be made aware of these problems: Non-negotiable contracts, lack of transparency, anti-competitive behaviors and other abuses. The tactics used by the PBM are effecting patient care more than ever before in history. Remember: the PBM is a middleman. They provide no product. They provide no care. They only sell access to a network. If the current trend continues, pharmacies will continue to close. Soon the pharmacy network landscape will contain only middlemen and no pharmacies or pharmacists. Is that what is best for the patient? Is that what is best for the country? I don’t think so. Do you?

Catch-22

Recently I have been in a discussion about several 2016 Medicare Part D plan that are appearing at the top of the savings lists when comparing plans with Medicare.gov and iMedicare.com (a third party plan comparison tool using the Medicare information). The issue we are regularly seeing is generics being listed around $1.00 per month. That is not a copay, but the entire reimbursement for the product. Examples include:

  • Atenolol 50 mg #30: $1.02
  • Simvastatin 20 mg #30: $1.21
  • HCTZ 25 mg #30: $1.40
  • Doxazosin 2 mg #30: $1.20
  • Captopril 25 mg #90: $5.29
  • Lantanoprost 2.5 ml: $1.37
  • Warfarin 6 mg #30: $1.38

Note that this is not an extreme example: this is a reproducible trend.

There are two possible explanations for this consistent low valuation for generic drugs by the plan: 1) the numbers are correct or 2) the numbers are incorrect and have not been updated on the Medicare web site since being published in October

Case: If the Number are Correct:

Let us consider the implications of the above mentioned reimbursement levels being correct. The plan in question lists a dispensing fee for 30 day supplies for 2016 of $1.00/rx. This means that the product reimbursement in each of the above cases is actually lower (by $1.00) than the number above. Let that sink in for a moment.

These prices would be MAC (Maximum Allowed Cost) prices set by the plan. When a contracting organization looks at signing contracts, one of the items it considers is GER (Generic Effective Rate). This is the average discount on Average Wholesale Price (AWP) taken by the plan for generics. GER is typically specified in contracts. Historically, GERs for plans have been in the ballpark of AWP – 78%. Some very aggressive plans this year quote a GER greater than AWP – 90%.

If the prices above are correct, the effective GER for the 7 drugs listed is AWP – 99%. This GER (granted that it is on just 7 drugs) is significantly lower than even the most aggressive GER listed by our contracting organization (and is much lower than the GER listed in this plans contract). Theoretically, the plan is required to reimburse network pharmacies for the difference if their GER is higher than that specified in the contract, though this might not happen until well into the next plan year. It is also worthwhile to note that the captopril actually costs a pharmacy about $65 after rebates, so the MAC price for this single drug loses the pharmacy $60 by itself. Any GER greater than 43% would result in a loss on this product, but contracts do not have address cases where AWP is not high enough.

There is not a pharmacy in existence than can make a reasonable profit on numbers as low as these. Given that a prescription vial, lid, and label cost nearly $0.20 alone, the remaining $0.80 certainly does not come close to covering overhead, labor, and a reasonable profit, even if one fills many hundreds of prescriptions an a day.  A pharmacy filling 1000 prescriptions a day would show revenue just over $1000 before expenses. If the pharmacy filled 100 prescriptions per hour over only 10 yours, this revenue  does not even cover the salaries for a single pharmacist and three technicians (what many might consider the bare minimum necessary to fill this volume) for the day. The pharmacy would not be capable of providing any care at this pace, either.

Case: The Numbers are in Error:

This scenario is just as troubling as the previous one, because if the numbers are systematically lower now than they will be starting January 2016, the patients that chose the plan will effectively be subject to a bait-and-swith scheme. Remember, the plan consistently shows up at the top of the Medicare.gov plan finder only because the adjudicated about for the medications are so much lower than other plans for the same medications. This  makes the plan have the lowest reported total cost when considering both premiums and copays.

The copays are so low, in fact, that the plan actually does not share any of the drug cost. An analysis of the plan often shows that the patient pays 100% of the drug cost for the entire year because they do not meet the deductible for the plan. Let that sink in for a moment. The patient pays a premium to the plan for the privilege of paying 100% of their drug expenses. Once the patient does meed the deductible, the patient continues to pay most of the drug cost because the copay is lower than the advertised copay for a generic drug.

If the prices are significantly higher in January, the patient’s actual out of pocket would be significantly higher, resulting in a patient reaching the coverage gap sooner than they anticipated or having a much higher than anticipated True Out-of-Pocket (TrOOP) expense.

Only Losers?

A similar bait-and-switch also occurred in the Medicare Part D landscape last year. One plan last year advertised a much larger pharmacy network during enrollment, but come January patients were told that their plan had a much more limited network of pharmacies. This meant that many patients would be forced to switch pharmacies despite choosing a plan than originally allowed them to continue to use their pharmacy of choice. Last year, Medicare stepped in and gave pharmacies the opportunity to sign-up or patients to switch.

It would seem that a similar scenario is on tap for January. Either pharmacies and their contracting agents are going to complain about lower than contracted reimbursement due to a GER close to 100%, or patients will be duped into a plan that does not perform as advertised. If I had to make a guess, I would lean toward pharmacies being slighted by the plan, because Medicare is less likely to censure the plan unless significant numbers of pharmacies terminate their contracts, leaving the plan with insufficient pharmacies to meet federal Medicare access requirements.

Medicare, pharmacies and patients are all being abused by the pharmacy benefit managers. Unless Medicare and Congress take steps to hold the PBMs accountable, this will continue. With the recent hearings on PBM transparency, now is the time for pharmacy leaders and grassroots pharmacists to make themselves heard.

Cost vs. Care

It is becoming increasingly evident that the current Medicare pharmacy benefit (Medicare Part D) is broken. Recently, several Medicare Prescription Drug Plans (PDPs) were given the opportunity to hear about pharmacists’ activities to support clinical outcomes and patient care. The information presented included a description of significant savings a commercial plan realized due to the positive effects of pharmacists’ interventions. At the end of the presentation, the representatives from the PDPs remained  silent. There was no outward enthusiasm for the patient care described and the results achieved from that care. In sort, the PDP representatives did not appear to understand how care fits into their cost-centric model.

The Focus on Drug Cost

The laser-like focus the PDPs have for trimming cost is nothing short of amazing. Examples of downward pressure on costs include extensive use of Maximum Allowable Cost (MAC) pricing and, more recently, Direct and Indirect Renumeration (DIR) fees. The dispensing fee paid by the PDP to the pharmacy has also been mostly eliminated. Once, dispensing fees (the fee paid to the pharmacy for the service of filling the prescription) measured in dollars. Today they are measured in cents, and it is not uncommon for a PDP to pay a $0 dispensing fee to the pharmacy for dispensing a 90 day supply of a medication. The end result is no appreciable profit for pharmacy for the drug product.

Consequences

When a company sees lower profits, it has to react in order to stay profitable. Pharmacy is no different. Over the last several years, pharmacies have been trimming their expenses and working on efficiencies to counter the constant downward pressure on drug product reimbursement. Eventually, each pharmacy comes to a point where further cuts to remain profitable are more onerous than closing their doors. The equation for profitability is especially vulnerable in regions with limited populations to service. Rural pharmacies are very susceptible to the PDPs cost-centric model.  The rash of closings of rural pharmacies in states like Iowa has created areas without access to a pharmacy. Rural patients requiring pharmacy services are then relegated to either mail order, or a long drive to a neighboring community.

Technology has a solution creating pharmacy access in remote areas: Tele-Pharmacy. Tele-pharmacy leverages a technician driven pharmacy and a remote pharmacist capable of performing final verification. The remote pharmacist is able to communicate “face-to-face” with the patient in a live video conference to complete counseling and answer patient questions. A single pharmacist might be able to staff multiple remote pharmacy sites, reducing the overhead of each pharmacy by a portion of the pharmacst’s salary. This resulting economy might be enough to make a rural pharmacy business plan feasible.

History Repeats

Tele-pharmacy is yet another way pharmacy has tried to adapt to the model set by the cost-cutting PDPs. In the case of tele-pharmacy, however, the cost being cut is the person actually providing the care. This should be a concern to all pharmacists. Given past developments, consider a likely progression of events for tele-pharmacy:

  • The number of remote pharmacies a pharmacist “manages” will undoubtedly climb with time, resulting in less and less time for the pharmacist to focus on patient care.
  • Tele-pharmacy concept will be brought from rural areas into more populated centers in an attempt to further save money on pharmacist salaries.
  • Seeing the costs of filling a prescription further fall, the PDPs will again reduce reimbursement, erasing any positive gains on pharmacy profit gained by the use of tele-pharmacy.

Drug Cost and Paying for Care

I understand the fixation the PDPs have on drug cost, but drug product is only a part of the pharmacy equation. Pharmacists provide much more than drug product to their patients. Pharmacists all over the country work closely with their patients. They listen to their drug and disease issue. They decipher verbal and non-verbal clues to discover drug therapy problems. These face-to-face encounter are a large part of what pharmacists do every day. While the teleconference type interaction used in tele-pharmacvyc is not ideal for patient care, it is a suitable substitute in cases where an onsite pharmacist is not feasible. But pharmacy has reached a tipping point: the current emphasis on drug cost is now significantly impacting the ability of pharmacists to care for their patients.

A New Model

This brings us full circle to the current, broken model. A new model is needed for pharmacy. A model that pays pharmacists for their positive impacts on patient care and the savings they provide in the total health spend. We are slowly moving in this direction, as Congress works to make pharmacists providers under Medicare. But even this is not enough. Congress needs to overhaul the current PDP system. Make the PDPs accountable morbidity and mortality of the covered beneficiaries. The PDPs should be see incentives for reducing hospitalizations and ER visits that decrease expenses to Medicare. Congress needs mandate the PDPs to compensate the providers for their care and contributions in helping them achieve these goals.

This new model should pay pharmacists to perform CMM (Continuing Medication Management). Pharmacists and pharmacies should also have a shared risk in these endeavors, with rewards reaped for reducing health care costs. This may sound like science fiction to some, but commercial plans and managed care organizations are already moving this way. Starting in 2016, there will be a network of high performing pharmacies in place in my state. These pharmacies will work with a payor to reduce total health spend. This network boasts a new model for pharmacy reimbursement, with shared risk and reward.

It is time for Congress and Medicare to recognize not only pharmacists as providers, but also as an important and untapped potential to improve the system. It is time to for pharmacists across the country to stand up and be heard by their representatives. Recently, the senate held hearings on the PBM industry. This means that there is no better time than now to contact your representatives. Let them know what you do every day as a pharmacist. Be sure they understand that the current model is broken and needs to be fixed. It needs attention now, now later. Make your voice heard. Make this encounter count!

Why Generic Dispensing Rates are not “Clinical” Measures

Some time back I wrote about “The Rewards of Performance“. In that piece, I discussed the existence of Generic Dispensing Rates (GPR) as one of the measures used by a plan to “reward” a pharmacy for clinical performance. Since that time, several additional plans have announced their 2016 Prescription Drug Plans, and several have a form of reward or penalty based on the pharmacy’s GPR.

Economics 101

In every pharmacy I have ever worked, a generic drug was always offered to the patient if it was or is available. Generic drugs have always benefitted the health system by reducing overall drug spending by health plans. Back several years ago, pharmacies even made a better margin on generic drugs, so the pharmacy was rewarded for the helping increase the adoption of genetic drug options.

Today, pharmacy is facing a plague of Maximum Allowable Cost (MAC) prices for generics that are essentially pricing most generic drugs at or just above the pharmacy’s acquisition cost. Given this drastic reduction in pharmacy reimbursement over the last 5 years, one would expect that overall drug costs would actually be way down, just like pharmacy profits. In fact, this does not appear to be the case. See “Examining Medicare Part D Transparency” for a quick analysis.

Clinical Measures

Clinically, we are interested in many different types of outcomes. These might be specific to the disease being treated, or they could be global, like total health spend for the patient. Consider the cholesterol lowering “statin” drugs as an example. Typical outcomes might include:

  1. Degree of lowered LDL (Bad Cholesterol)
  2. Possible increased HDL (Good Cholesterol)
  3. The existence of Adverse Drug Effects (ADRs), especially muscle weakness / rhabodomyolosis.
  4. Overall cost the the health system.

From a clinical standpoint, atorvastatin is a great product to lower cholesterol compared to some of the older products like simvastatin. It is also now generically available and very inexpensive.  At lower doses, it has a low incidence of ADRs. If a patient does not achieve their LDL / HDL goals, the dose can be increased, but with an increased likelihood of ADRs. If ADRs do appear, a choice has to be made to balance the overall reduction in LDL with the existence of ADRs. This can be handled two different ways. First, choose a different generic drug like pravastatin, which has a lower incidence of ADRs, but also is not as effective at reducing LDL. Second, choose to use a lower dose of the brand name drug like Crestor, which may lower LDL more than atorvastatin at a lower dose and without any ADRs.

Based solely on drug cost, Crestor is much more expensive to the patient and the plan. What is unknown, however, is the long term cost associated with the choice of this medication. Any decrease in morbidity that results in fewer doctor visits, fewer hospitalizations, or fewer emergency room visits could easily outweigh the marginally higher cost of the brand name drug. Other examples of brand name medications that can save the health system money include the new anticoagulants. Overall reductions in required monitoring, unplanned ER visits and other costs may actually save the system money over time. A one-size-fits all approach to generic drugs like a GDR incentive does not address patient care.

The existence of GDR is therefore entirely an economic measure. If PBMs want to encourage generic drug use, this is one way. The goal GDR needs to be accessible in order to actually encourage pharmacies to buy in to the concept, and not all PDMs are realistic in their expectations. Consider one 2016 Medicare Part D plan that includes a Direct and Indirect Renumeration (DIR) fee with a GDR based incentive to reduce a pharmacy’s DIR fee. The required GDR for this incentive to apply is 95%. For a point of reference, our pharmacy typically has a GDR at or slightly above 90%. All of the stores in our franchise (thousands of stores) average closer to 80%. A 95% GDR is virtually impossible to achieve unless the pharmacy works tirelessly to switch all brand-only drugs to generic drugs without respect to clinical outcomes.

Treat the Patient, Not the Numbers

Back in pharmacy school, I was told to treat the patient, not the numbers. Unfortunately, the current attempt to quantify quality in pharmacy benefit portion of Medicare (Medicare Part ) is currently limited to numbers. EQuIPP scores curtently measure the compliance, measured as the Percentage of Days Covered (PDC) for several categories of drugs along with the prevalence of high risk drugs and the pharmacy’s ability to perform assigned comprehensive medication reviews. These numbers are arguably more closely related to clinical outcomes than GDR, but they still fall short of actually measuring the impact a pharmacy can have on patient care and total health spend.

I have faith that the measures used by Medicare and others will expand to include more direct measures of care. Until then, however, I believe that if GDR is going to be used as a basis for “reward” on any plan, it should be reasonable, and not lumped into “clinical” performance. The GDR “goal” for the incentive outlined in “The Rewards of Performance” was 86%. Based on the thousands of pharmacies represent by my PSAO, this level encourages those on the lower end to improve, and offers them a reachable goal.

Do not forget, though, that the focus of pharmacy is the patient and their outcomes. Pharmacists can impact these outcomes in many ways, including not dispensing medications. Be sure you answer three questions with each patient you care for:

  1. What can you do to ensure the patient achieves their therapeutics outcome(s).
  2. Is the patient’s therapy is safe, without unnecessary ADRs
  3. How can you help the patient maximize the effectiveness of their therapy

In other words, make every encounter count.

Why yes, we ARE are messing with your workflow

During a recent discussion with a pharmacy management systems (PMS) vendor, my business partner was describing our workflow and how we leverage the pharmacist. The goal was to help the vendor understand what we would like to see their software enable: a patient centered workflow. Their immediate comment was “you are messing with our workflow!”

That was the point. The PMS workflow has evolved over the years into a single focused entity: to fill a prescription. The patient, as a focus, is largely gone from every system currently marketed. PMS feature lists are generally focused on increasing efficiency of the dispensing process, tracking the prescription from beginning to end. Every PMS offers an some “clinical” screening for therapeutic duplication, drug and disease interactions, allergies, and compliance, but these are limited in scope to the prescription being filled at the time.

Standard Workflow
Figure 1

Figure 1 above represents a typical prescription focused workflow. The steps typically involving the pharmacist are shown in a brown box, with steps traditionally handled by technicians colored green. This is a traditional assembly-line type workflow, but notice that the pharmacist has to jump-in at several locations. Modern pharmacy management systems minimize work to reduce the impact of this to the pharmacist

The Workflow of the Future Pharmacist

In order to modernize the pharmacist’s workflow, patient-wore clinical information needs to be infused into the final verification step. This includes a summary of addressed and unaddressed clinical issues like drug-drug interactions, drug-disease interactions, therapeutic duplications, compliance issues, clinical outcomes, and monitoring currently being monitored. This information should not be limited to just the drug being checked: modern pharmacists emphasize patient care instead of just checking the prescription.

This workflow might be represented by Figure 2 below.

Modern Workflow
Figure 2

The difference in this workflow is the injection of all clinical data at the final verification step. Unaddressed issues with other medications are presented to the pharmacist to be addressed as necessary. Additionally the pharmacist is given the opportunity to document the intervention(s) at this point. These interventions become a part of the clinical record and are available for the next time the patient is reviewed.

The data injection and the documentation steps–the basis of the commercial product PharmClin (Patent Pending)–are as simple as they are innovative. This expansion of the final verification step creates a patient-focused process that we call MTM-on-the-run. While this workflow might seem daunting to some, with some basic training and a well engineered software package, the process is quite satisfying.

Taking it to the Next Level: An Ultra-Modern Workflow

The truth be told, there is really no reason that technicians could not be used for the entire Intake to Will-Call workflow. In some states, including Iowa, some pharmacies are studying technicians checking another technician’s work (performing the final verification step). The purpose of this type of workflow is to free up the pharmacist to focus more on the clinical aspects of the practice. In this case, the workflow might look more like Figure 3 below.

UltraModern
Figure 3.

Notice above that the pharmacist is still tasked with the data-entry check for new prescriptions. This is currently still required in Iowa under the special rules covering this type of workflow. As a pharmacist, this workflow is very liberating. Instead of being mired in the details of checking between one and twenty prescriptions, the pharmacist can focus on the clinical profile information for each patient represented in the order. They can review previous intervention notes and create new notes. When the patient or their representative arrives at the pharmacy to pick up medications, the register clerk can summon the pharmacist to counsel on any new medications and/or follow-up with interventions flagged by the pharmacist that performed the clinical review.

Change is Coming. Don’t Look Back, We Aren’t Going There…

Giving up participation in the dispensing workflow is a scary proposition for some pharmacists that have spent entire careers performing little more than this function. When we talk to pharmacists at meetings, it is obvious that there are two types of pharmacists: those that look forward to moving to a model like this,and those that don’t know what or how they would perform in a new, modern workflow.

But this much is certain: reimbursement for product (dispensing) is not going to magically return. Maximizing efficiency through a technician driven workflow with added efficiency through robotics or other technologies will free the pharmacist to be a pharmacist. Pharmacists need to apply their clinical knowledge to care for patients. The days of paying a pharmacist to perform final verification of a prescription (a dispensing function) are rapidly coming to an end.

While I will not claim to know what pharmacy will look like in a few years, I am certain of two things. Firstly, it will be very different than the current dispensing-driven model. Secondly, pharmacists will be increasingly paid for their contribution to patient care or they will be be missing entirely from the flow chart. Make every encounter count today, so you can continue to do so tomorrow.

The Origin of the Voodoo DIR?

 

The DIR fee, a subject of several posts on this blog, can be calculated in a variety of different ways. In 2016, Medicare/CMS directed plans to calculate the DIR at the point of sale (the time of adjudication) whenever possible. A DIR fee doesn’t have to be complicated to save the plan money. Yet after reviewing the 2016 Medicare Part D Prescription Drug Plans (PDPs) and their associated DIR fees, I became distressed to see even more “retrospectively calculated” DIR fees appearing despite the CMS’s direction to simplify the DIR.

So why are PDPs going out of their way to create these retrospectively calculated Voodoo DIR fees? One possible conclusion is that the PDP is trying to hide something. If we agree that this is a possible conclusion, the next question would be: what are they trying to hide, and from whom are they hiding it?

While it might seem logical to assume that the plan is trying to hide something from the pharmacy, I believe that this is in fact not the case. Instead, I believe that this might be a direct result of PBM consolidation. Over the past several years, there has been significant consolidation in the Pharmacy Benefit Manager arena, with only a handful of larger PBMs remaining in the market. I have dubbed the remaining large processors the PBM Titans. This lack of homogeneity in the processor arena has created an interesting dynamic between the PDPs and the PBMs that process for them.

Impact of PBM consolidation on the PDPs

10 years ago, our pharmacies received dozens of remittance advices and checks weekly from different PBMs and plans. Today, it is a very different story. Each remittance from a PBM Titan represents many different plans, both Medicare and commercial. In today’s world, this means that the processor of all of these claims has access to a virtual cornucopia of data.

Remember that the PBM Titans not only process claims for other PDPs, but also run their own commercial and Medicare plans. The Titan PBMs have direct access to the smaller PDP’s claim data, which includes their Maximum Allowable Cost (MAC) for each drug product and the dispensing fee(s). It is not hard to imagine that the PDPs run by the Titan PBMs could leverage their under-the-hood knowledge of the smaller players to match up their plans favorably by comparison and therefore maximize their own PDP enrollment.

The VooDoo DIR Fee

When a major national PDP started using a retroactively calculated DIR fee last year, pharmacies had a very hard time determining exactly how much they were actually being paid for each prescription. The DIR fees for last month’s claims were attached by the PDP to the current claims. This obfuscation not only created confusion for the pharmacy, but is also hid the DIR fee logic and impact from the PBM doing the processing. It is my belief that this is not a coincidence.

The Consequences

Pharmacy is in the midst of a transition. Historically, pharmacies were paid for product, and the services that accompanied the product were essentially given away. The profitability of the drug product will soon be gone. It may already be gone for some pharmacies. The revenue streams for pharmacy service, however, are still in their infancy. It is going to take some time before a pharmacy and pharmacist can run a successful business charging for their services.

The time is now to focus your pharmacy on services. The transition to a service based revenue stream will have to be taken in small steps, so the process must start now. Both pharmacists and their patients will be outside of their comfort zones during this time, and it is going to be a learning experience for everyone. There is not a better time than now to make every encounter with your patients count!

When Therapeutic Duplication Isn’t…

Modern pharmacy management systems screen therapeutic duplication using third party databases, and these systems are not capable of exercising the necessary professional judgement to separate an actual duplication from a rational duplication. Duplication alerts, because they are so frequent, become almost a nuisance, and alert fatigue is a real concern.

Normally, therapeutic duplication alerts in our pharmacy are documented as:

Duplication Appropriate: Different mechanisms of action required to achieve therapeutic outcome(s)

The above is typically added to intervention notes in cases like the use of metoprolol (a beta blocker) with losartan (an ARB). When we create this note, we typically will flag the problem for re-evaluation in 6 months or 1 year.

Duplication Appropriate: Different courses of acute therapy.

This designation is often used for antibiotics or other acute therapies (prednisone, NSAIDs etc) that have been completed before the next course is started. These are typically flagged for re-evaluation with the next fill of the medication.

Case Study (An Exception)

Today’s Tales from the Counter story starts with a therapeutic duplication; sotalol 120 mg in the AM / 80 mg PM with metoprolol ER 25 mg QD in the AM. One prescription was ordered by the patient’s primary care provider and the other a cardiologist. Both of these drugs are in the same therapeutic class of beta blockers. In this case, the duplication alert is not necessarily a nuisance; it represents a potential problem.

In the case of this patient, the refill history made the problem more difficult to evaluate. Metoprolol was filled in April for 90 days, sotalol in June, and both filled in August. At first glance, it appeared that the medication was changed from sotalol to metoprolol and then back again. To be sure, the patient was approached and asked if they were taking both. The unexpected response was that they were taking both medications (they had just accumulated an excess of sotalol and did not need to refill it until that supply had been depleted).

At this point, we let the patient know that we were going to contact the prescriber to clarify the therapy. A SOAP note was created and faxed that day to the primary care provider. The note simply stated:

Subjective / Objective: KB came into the pharmacy today to pick-up her meds. Pharmacist noted patient is taking both metoprolol ER 25mg QD (Dr. One) and sotalol 80mg 1.5 tabs QAM and 1 tab QPM (Dr. Two).

Assessment / Plan: 

Should KB be taking both metoprolol and sotalol? ___Yes ___No

If not, should metoprolol be D/C’d? ___Yes ___No ___N/A

Less than 24 hours later a reply was received. The response was unexpected by this pharmacist: KB should be on both medications — confirmed with cardiology.

Therapeutics Revisited

I was not expecting this response, and took some time to investigate the possible rationale for this decision. Sotalol is somewhat unique in the class of non-selective beta blockers as it also exhibits cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) anti-arrhythmic properties. It is well documented that beta blockade can significantly decrease mortality and improve outcomes in several types of cardiac disease. In the case of a patient with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) and or a biventricular pacemaker, the combination of anti-arrhythmic and betalocking properties of sotalol can be beneficial, making it an excelent choice. Sotalol, being non-selective, may not offer enough beta blockade by itself, and the addition of a low dose selective beta blocker like Metoprolol Succinate 25 mg is therefore rational therapy.  For a good review, see Chaki AL, Caines AE, Miller AB. Sotalol as adjunctive therapy to implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in heart failure patients. Congest Heart Fail. 2009 May-Jun;15(3):144-7.

This is a great time to re-emhasize the importance of documentation. This intervention was addressed as Duplication Appropriate – an exception to the normal “like mechanisms” duplication that would normally be a problem. The intervention and SOAP note, including the physician’s response, was documented and linked to the problem. The next time this problem is assessed in 3 months, the pharmacist will already know the story.

Monitoring

Just because the duplication problem has been addressed does not mean that the pharmacist’s responsibility is complete. In this case, the patient is at risk of the effects of too much beta blockade. This would manifest as a low resting pulse rate. The pharmacy should now regularly ensure that the patient’s pulse is being monitored and/or monitor the patient’s pulse periodically. Both activities should be documented in the patient’s record.

Every day I worry about the future of pharmacy as a profession. The current reimbursement climate continues to resemble a walk through Death Valley, California, without any water in sight. Despite some of the grim realities pharmacists face daily, finding problems (and even non-problems like the one above), and managing the care of patients still excites me. It makes my days enjoyable. And the added benefit of the patient’s gratitude for taking the time to look into the potential problem doesn’t hurt, either. It reenforces the fact that every encounter really does count.